Factores de riesgo personales y familiares de la delincuencia en menores residentes de la zona sureste de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana / Personal and family risk factors for delinquency in juvenile residents of the southeast area of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic / Fatores de risco pessoais e familiares para a delinqüência em jovens residentes na área sudeste de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana

La delincuencia juvenil va en aumento, ya que factores individuales, familiares y sociales hacen vulnerables a muchos menores a que en la adolescencia delincan. Los factores individuales y los familiares son los que más fácilmente pueden ser tratados de forma tal que la mejoría en ellos traiga como resultado una disminución en la probabilidad de que luego los menores caigan en conductas delictivas. Objetivo: revelar la presencia de factores de riesgo personales y familiares de la delincuencia en menores que viven en la zona sureste de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, al identificar en ellos su nivel intelectual, analizar su inteligencia emocional y determinar su estilo de afrontamiento y cuán funcionales son sus familias. Muestra: 538 menores que estudiaban en la escuela Ana Josefa Jiménez en los grados cuarto, quinto y sexto de primaria. Resultados: más de la mitad de los menores tienen un nivel bajo de inteligencia, en cuanto a la inteligencia emocional la puntuación más baja la tiene autocontrol, seguido por autoconciencia y empatía, el estilo de afrontamiento que utiliza la mayoría es indefinido, y más de la mitad de las familias son funcionales. Conclusión: 94% presentó factores de riesgo para la delincuencia, 29% un indicador, 38% dos indicadores, 23% tres indicadores y 4% los cuatro indicadores, revelando la presencia de factores de riesgo personales y familiares de la delincuencia en los menores que viven en la zona sureste de Santiago de los Caballeros.

Juvenile delinquency is on the rise, as individual, family and social factors make many children vulnerable to delinquency in adolescence. Individual and family factors are the ones that can most easily be addressed in such a way that an improvement in these factors results in a decrease in the likelihood that children will later engage in delinquent behaviour. Objective: to reveal the presence of personal and family risk factors for delinquency in minors living in the southeastern area of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, by identifying their intellectual level, analysing their emotional intelligence and determining their coping style and how functional their families are. Sample: 538 children studying at the Ana Josefa Jiménez school in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of primary school. Results: more than half of the children have a low level of intelligence, in terms of emotional intelligence the lowest score is self-control, followed by self-awareness and empathy, the co-ping style used by the majority is undefined, and more than half of the families are functional. Conclusion: 94% presented risk factors for delinquency, 29% one indicator, 38% two indicators, 23% three indicators and 4% all four indicators, revealing the presence of personal and family risk factors for delinquency in minors living in the southeast area of Santiago de los Caballeros.

A delinqüência juvenil está aumentando, pois fatores individuais, familiares e sociais tornam muitas crianças vulneráveis à delinqüência na adolescência. Os fatores individuais e familiares são os que mais facilmente podem ser abordados de tal forma que uma melhoria desses fatores resulte em uma diminuição da probabilidade de que as crianças se envolvam mais tarde em comportamentos delinqüentes. Objetivo: revelar a presença de fatores de risco pessoal e familiar para a delinqüência em menores que vivem na região sudeste da cidade de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, identificando seu nível intelectual, analisando sua inteligência emocional e determinando seu estilo de lidar com a delinqüência e quão funcionais são suas famílias. Amostra: 538 crianças estudando na escola Ana Josefa Jiménez na quarta, quinta e sexta séries do ensino fundamental. Resultados: mais da metade das crianças tem um baixo nível de inteligência, em termos de inteligência emocional a pontuação mais baixa é autocontrole, seguido de autoconsciência e empatia, o estilo de lidar com a maioria é indefinido, e mais da metade das famílias são funcionais. Conclusão: 94% apresentaram fatores de risco para a delinqüência, 29% um indicador, 38% dois indicadores, 23% três indicadores e 4% todos os quatro indicadores, revelando a presença de fatores de risco pessoal e familiar para a delinqüência em menores que vivem na área sudeste de Santiago de los Caballeros.

Executive Functions, Intellectual Capacity, and Psychiatric Disorders in Adults with Type 1 Chiari Malformation.

OBJECTIVE: Contrary to popular belief, the cerebellum is involved not only in motor planning, balance, and coordination but also in cognitive processes. The present study aimed to investigate executive functions (EFs), intellectual capacity, and psychiatric disorders in adults with type 1 Chiari malformation, which is defined as a hindbrain anomaly that involves the cerebellum. METHODS: The study included 62 adults, with 29 in the CM group and 33 in the control group. EFs were evaluated using the Stroop test, number sequence learning test, and standardized mini-mental state examination (SMMSE). The intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured using the Kent EGY and Porteus maze tests, and psychiatric disorders were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Clinician Version (DSM-5-CV). RESULTS: The CM group took longer than the control to complete the Stroop test for each section (P < 0.005). Although the mean IQ scores of both groups were within the normal range, the CM group had a lower mean IQ score than the control group (P < 0.005). Although the mean SMMSE scores of both groups were within the normal range, the CM group had a lower mean SMMSE score than the control group (P < 0.005). The CM group had a higher rate of psychiatric comorbidities than the control group (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The study found that subjects with type 1 Chiari malformation performed worse in EFs than healthy controls and had a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders.

ADHD Symptomatology, Executive Function and Cognitive Performance Differences between Family Foster Care and Control Group in ADHD-Diagnosed Children.

Children in foster care have a high prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, together with other difficulties in inattentive/hyperactive behaviors, executive and cognitive processes. Early exposure to adversity is a risk factor for developing ADHD via neurodevelopmental pathways. The goal of this research is (a) to study the cognitive and executive performance and inattentive/hyperactive behavior of ADHD-diagnosed children living in foster families in Spain, and (b) to analyze the role of placement variables in their performance. The sample was composed of 102 ADHD-diagnosed children aged 6- to 12-years-old, divided into two groups: 59 children living with non-relative foster families and 43 children not involved with protection services. Children's executive function-inhibition, working memory, flexibility, attention, intellectual capacity, verbal comprehension, perceptive reasoning, working memory and processing speed were assessed using objective testing measures. At the same time, parents and teachers reported on children's inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. Children in foster care obtained lower scores in the general ability index than the control group after controlling the age at assessment. However, no differences were found in executive processes. Regarding placement factors, children with shorter exposure to adversities in their birth families and more time in foster care showed better executive performance. Professionals should consider the placement history of children in foster care and its influence on their symptomatology and cognitive capacities.

The executive functions, intellectual capacity, and psychiatric disorders in adolescents with Chiari malformation type 1.

PURPOSE: In the last two decades, the non-motor functions of the cerebellum have become the centre of attention for researchers. Anecdotal observations of cognitive and psychiatric manifestations of cerebellar lesions have increased this interest. We aimed to investigate the executive function (EF), intellectual capacity, and comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents with Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1), which is a pathological manifestation of posterior cranial fossa structures include the cerebellum. METHODS: The Chiari group consisted of ten adolescents aged 12-18 years old, and the control group consisted of 13 healthy adolescents with similar age and sex with patients. Stroop test (ST), trail making test (TMT), and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parent form (BRIEF) were used to evaluate EF; Kent EGY and Porteus Maze Test was used to measuring the intelligence quotient (IQ), and a semi-structured interview was used to determine the psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: EF test scores were found comparable between the two groups. IQ scores of the Chiari group were found in the normal range, but significantly lower than controls. No significant difference was revealed in terms of comorbid psychiatric disorders between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, we did not observe an impairing effect of CM1 on EF and intelligence. Also, we found that CM1 did not cause more psychiatric disorders compared to controls. Further studies need to support our findings in adolescents diagnosed with CM1.

Executive Functions and High Intellectual Capacity in School-Age: Completely Overlap?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the dimensions of the executive function and intellectual capacity in children with high academic performance. METHOD: an analytical, observational, prospective study with a non-random sample of 104 children between 7 and 11 years of age, belonging to educational institutions in Medellín, Colombia, divided into groups according to the measure of Total Intellectual Capacity (TIC): 1. Those with an average TIC of between 85-115. 2. Children with higher IC or those with scores ranging from 116-129 and 3. Children with TIC of > 130, known as exceptional talents. They are provided executive function tests that are in compliance with bioethical conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The Intellectual Capacity is not a concept analogous or synonymous to executive function. This study demonstrates that the common element among all participants is high academic performance and an absence of alteration of the executive function. Finally, an adequate executive functioning makes high academic performance possible.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las dimensiones de la función ejecutiva y capacidad intelectual en niños escolarizados con alto rendimiento académico. Método: investigación de tipo analítica, observacional, prospectiva, con muestra no aleatoria de 104 niños entre los 7 y 11 años de edad pertenecientes a instituciones educativas de Medellín-Colombia, dividida en tres grupos de acuerdo con la medida de Capacidad Intelectual Total (CIT). 1. Aquellos con CIT promedio entre 85-115. 2. Niños con CI superior; puntuaciones entre 116-129 y 3. Niños con un CIT > 130; talentos excepcionales. Se les suministro pruebas de función ejecutiva con cumplimiento de condiciones bioéticas. Resultados y conclusiones: La Capacidad Intelectual no es concepto análogo ni sinónimo de función ejecutiva. Este estudio demostró que el elemento común entre todos los participantes es un alto rendimiento académico y una ausencia de alteración de la función ejecutiva. Finalmente, un adecuado funcionamiento ejecutivo posibilita un alto rendimiento académico.

Puntuaciones Alternativas del WISC-IV ara la Interpretación de la Capacidad Intelectual: Índices de Capacidad General y Competencia Cognitiva

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar dos índices alternativos para la interpretación de la Escala de Wechsler para niños: los índices Capacidad General (ICG) y Competencia Cognitiva (ICC). El ICG proporciona una estimación de la capacidad general, con reducida influencia de la memoria de trabajo y rapidez de procesamiento. El ICC representa las competencias en el procesamiento cognitivo de tareas complejas de nivel superior. Se trabajó con 1437 participantes entre 6 y 16 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció estructuras unidimensionales para cada índice, los cuales también presentaron adecuados coeficientes de consistencia interna. Se presentan pasos para la implementación de los índices y tablas de conversión correspondientes. Si bien estas puntuaciones no deben confundirse con el Cociente Total, resultan ser estimaciones útiles que enriquecen el estudio de la capacidad intelectual que permite analizar el sentido que cada perfil delinea y favorece la exploración de hipótesis cognitivas específicas del WISC-IV.

The objective of this paper is to present two alternative indexes for the interpretation of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: General Ability Index (GAI) and Cognitive Proficiency (CPI) indexes. The GAI provides an estimation of the general intellectual capacity with reduced influence on the working memory and processing speed. The CPI represents the competences of a subject's cognitive processing of higher-level complex tasks. We worked with 1437 participants between 6 and 16 years. The confirmatory factor analysis showed the one-dimensional structures proposed for each index, which also presented adequate coefficients of internal consistency. Steps are presented for implementing the corresponding conversion tables and indexes. Although these scores should not be confused with the IQ, they are useful estimates to enhance the study of the intellectual capacity that allows analyzing the sense that each profile delineates and favors the exploration of specific cognitive hypotheses of WISC-IV.

Factores predictores de la reserva cognitiva en un grupo de adultos mayores / Predictors of cognitive reserve in a group of elderly

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores predictores de la Reserva Cognitiva (RCog) medida a través del rendimiento cognitivo en un grupo de adultos mayores inscritos a un programa de atención integral al adulto mayor. La muestra estuvo conformada por 30 adultos mayores de 60 años. Se tuvieron en cuenta 8 factores predictores de la RCog basados en el cuestionario de Rami et al. (2011) y la medición del índice de Coeficiente Intelectual (CI). El rendimiento cognitivo fue medido a través de laBatería Neuropsi. Se realizaron análisis de correlación y de regresión múltiple entre factores. El factor escolaridad correlacionó significativamente con Formación intelectual y Actividad lectora (p<0,05). Las variables predictoras significativas del rendimiento cognitivo fueron Escolaridad y CI predictores del 62.9 por ciento de la varianza (r2 = 65.4; p<0.02). Se soporta la idea de que la capacidad intelectual y el nivel educativo son los predictores más fiables de la RCog y podrían retrasar el declive cognitivo propio del envejecimiento.(AU)

The goal of this study was identify the predictors factors of cognitive reserve (CogR) measured through the congnitive performance of an elderly persons group registered in an integral care program. The sample was built taking 30 adults of sixty years old.CogR predictors factors were taken in consideration, based in the questionnaire of Rami et al., (2011) and measuring of the intelligence quotient index (IQ). The cognitive performance was measured through the Neuropsi Battery. Correlation analysis and the analysis of multiple regression between factors were done. The education factor correlated significantly with intellectual education and reading activity (p<0.05). The strongest predictical variables of the cognitive performance were the school level and IQ. Both, predicted the 62.9 percent of the variance (r2 = 65.4; p<0.02). The idea that the intellectual capacity and education level are the most reliable predictors of the CogR is reliable and could delay the cognitive decline of aging.

Características cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de niños preescolares del programa buen comienzo en el noroccidente de Medellín / Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of preschoolers of the good start program in the northwestern area in Medellin

En el presente artículo derivado de investigación, se describen las características cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de una muestra de 20 niños preescolares, que oscilan entren los 3 y 5 años de edad, de estrato socioeconómico bajo y que han sido beneficiados del programa estratégico de la Alcaldía de Medellín (Colombia), perteneciente a la Secretaría de Educación, denominado Buen Comienzo. El programa Buen Comienzo tiene como propósito la promoción del desarrollo integral,diverso e incluyente de niñas y niñas, desde en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria del ciclo vital, protección de los derechos y articulación interinstitucional.

In this current article, derived from a piece of research, the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, of a sample of 20 preschoolers, are described and whose ages range between 3 and 5 years. They belong to a low socio-economic level and they have benefited from the strategic program at the Mayor’s Office in Medellin (Colombia), belonging to the Secretariat of Education program called theGood Start. Such a program aims the promotion of comprehensive, diverse, and inclusive development of children, from an interdisciplinary perspective of the life cycle, the protection of rights and the inter-institutional coordination.

Caracterizaciónnneuropsicológica de una muestrade niños y niñas con tdah de laa ciudad de manizales / Neuropsycholgicaal characterization of a sample of children ith adhd from tthe city of manizales

Introducción. En la presente investigación se describe el desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas escolarizados, entre 6 y 14 años con diagnóstico de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH), y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con el desempeño neuropsicológico de un grupo Control. Objetivo. Comparar las características del desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas con TDAH-C y TDAH-I y de un grupo Control de la ciudad de Manizales. Materiales y métodos. El artículo se originó de una investigación de tipo no experimental de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de tres grupos: TDAH Combinado (TDAH-C), TDAH Inatento (TDAH-I) y grupo Control. Las variables neuropsicológicas fueron las variables respuesta, y cada uno de los niños afectados se pareo con un control. Resultados. Se establecieron diferencias en el desempeño en una tarea de ejecución continua (cancelación de dibujos) entre ambos subtipos de TDAH (P<0,001), teniendo el grupo de TDAH-C, una media menor que el subtipo TDAH-I (P<0,001); así mismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a nivel del lenguaje, en relación con las habilidades metalingüísticas, específicamente, en la tarea de conteo de sonidos (P<0,001), entre la estimación de la media en el grupo TDAH-I y el grupo Control (P<0,001). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación confirman la presencia de algunas diferencias en el desempeño neuropsicológico entre niños y niñas con TDAH y grupos Control. Así mismo, se evidencia la necesidad de seguir avanzando en el empleo de la Batería de Evaluación Neuropsicológica (ENI) en ejercicios investigativos con poblaciones clínicas, para revisar la validez y el comportamiento de la prueba en la evaluación de niños y niñas con TDAH y en la de otros grupos clínicos de interés.

Introduction. The present investigation describes the neuropsychological performance of a sample of school children between 6 and 14 years old diagnosed with ttention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and compares the results with the neuropsychological performance of a Control group. Objective. To compare the neuropsychological performance characteristics of a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD-C and ADHD-I and a Control group in the city of Manizales. Materials and Methods. This article originated from a cross section non-experimental research. A variance analysis was made using the following treatments: ADHD combined (ADHD-C) and Control group, ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) and Control group, the neuropsychological variables were the response variables, and each of the affected children was paired with a control child. Results. Differences in a continuous performance task (cancellation of drawings) were established between the two subtypes of ADHD (P<0.001), having the ADHD-C, group lesser measure than the ADHD-I (P<0.001) subtype. Similarly, statistically significant differences at the language level in relation to metalinguistic skills was found, specifically in the task of counting sounds (P<0.001) between the mean estimate in group ADHD-I and the Control group (P<0.001). Conclusions. The findings of this study confirm the presence of some differences in neuropsychological performance among children with ADHD and Control groups. Also, it highlights the need for further progress in the use of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (IPD) in research exercises with clinical populations to verify the validity and performance of the test in the evaluation of children with ADHD and in that of other clinical groups of interest.